| Radio
frequency identification (RFID)
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Definition
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless form of automatic
identification and data capture. Dating back to World War II, RFID transponders
were used to identify friendly aircraft. The RFID system consists of a reader,
transponder, and antenna utilizing several frequency ranges. Over 40 million RFID
tags will be used in 1999 with sales projected to break the one billion-dollar
mark before 2003 (Frost & Sullivan, 1997). Radio frequency identification
is used in access control, asset control, and animal identification. The advantages
of RFID are the capability for multiple reads, ability to be used in almost any
environment, and the accuracy. The Automatic Identification Manufacturers, International
Standards Organization, and the American National Standards Institute are currently
developing standards. Barcodes have been developed
in the railroad business to keep track of the various cars. Out of this system
of identification grew the U.P.C. (Universal Product Code) which is now used in
almost all manufactured goods. UPC is used to store the manufacturer code as well
as the product code in a form that can be easily read by various scanners - even
from a distance. But there are limits to the use of barcodes. There must be a
direct line of sight between the reader and the code. The barcode can be obscured,
for example by paint. One only has read-access to the data, i.e., one cannot add
new data without adding another label.
This
is the point where a relatively new technology comes in: RFID (Radio Frequency
IDentification). In RFID electronic chips are used to store data that can be broadcast
via radio waves to the reader, eliminating the need for a direct line of sight
and making it possible for "tags" to be placed anywhere on or in the
product. One can even write to tags made of semiconductor chips, thus enabling
updating of data. This write function introduces new capabilities, such as the
updating of the manufacturing process of the attached item.
RFID
first appeared in tracking and access applications during the 1980s. These wireless
AIDC systems allow for non-contact reading and are effective in manufacturing
and other hostile environments where bar code labels could not survive. RFID has
established itself in livestock identification and automated vehicle identification
(AVI) systems because of its ability to track moving objects.
To
understand and appreciate the capabilities of RFID systems it is necessary to
consider their constituent parts. It is also necessary to consider the data flow
requirements that influence the choice of systems and the practicalities of communicating
across the air interface. By considering the system components and their function
within the data flow chain it is possible to grasp most of the important issues
that influence the effective application of RFID.
The
RFID reader is designed for fast and easy system integration without losing performance,
functionality or security. The RFID reader consists of a real time processor,
operating system, virtual portable memory, and transmitter/receiver unit in one
small self-contained module that is easily installed in the ceiling or in any
other convenient location.
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