Definition
Billions of visible LEDs are produced each year, and the emergence of high
brightness AlGaAs and AlInGaP devices has given rise to many new markets. The
surprising growth of activity in, relatively old, LED technology has been spurred
by the introduction of AlInGaP devices. Recently developed AlGaInN materials have
led to the improvements in the performance of bluish-green LEDs, which have luminous
efficacy peaks much higher than those for incandescent lamps. This advancement
has led to the production of large-area full-color outdoors LED displays with
diverse industrial applications. The novel
idea of this article is to modulate light waves from visible LEDs for communication
purposes. This concurrent use of visible LEDs for simultaneous signaling and communication,
called iLight, leads to many new and interesting applications and is based on
the idea of fast switching of LEDs and the modulation visible-light waves for
free-space communications. The feasibility of such approach has been examined
and hardware has been implemented with experimental results. The implementation
of an optical link has been carried out using an LED traffic-signal head as a
transmitter. The LED traffic light (fig 1 below) can be used for either audio
or data transmission.
Audio messages can be sent using the LED transmitter,
and the receiver located at a distance around 20 m away can play back the messages
with the speaker. Another prototype that resembles a circular speed-limit sign
with a 2-ft diameter was built. The audio signal can be received in open air over
a distance of 59.3 m or 194.5 ft. For data transmission, digital data can be sent
using the same LED transmitter, and the experiments were setup to send a speed
limit or location ID information. The work
reported in this article differs from the use of infrared (IR) radiation as a
medium for short-range wireless communications. Currently, IR links and local-area
networks available. IR transceivers for use as IR data links are widely available
in the markets. Some systems are comprised of IR transmitters that convey speech
messages to small receivers carried by persons with severe visual impairments.
The Talking Signs system is one such IR remote signage system developed at the
Smith-Kettlewell Rehabilitation Engineering Research center. It can provide a
repeating, directionally selective voice message that originates at a sign. However,
there has been very little work on the use of visible light as a communication
medium. The availability of high brightness
LEDs make the visible-light medium even more feasible for communications. All
products with visible-LED components (like an LED traffic signal head) can be
turned into an information beacon. This iLight technology has many characteristics
that are different from IR. The iLight transceivers make use of the direct line-of-sight
(LOS) property of visible light, which is ideal in applications for providing
directional guidance to persons with visual impairments. On the other hand, IR
has the property of bouncing back and forth in a confined environment. Another
advantage of iLight is that the transmitter provides easy targets for LOS reception
by the receiver. This is because the LEDs, being on at all times, are also indicators
of the location of the transmitter. A user searching for information has only
to look for lights from an iLight transmitter. Very often, the device is concurrently
used for illumination, display, or visual signage. Hence, there is no need to
implement an additional transmitter for information
broadcasting. Compared with an IR transmitter, an iLight transmitter has to be
concerned with even brightness. There should be no apparent difference to a user
on the visible light that emits from an iLight device.
It has long been
realized that visible light has the potential to be modulated and used as a communication
channel with entropy. The application has to make use of the directional nature
of the communication medium because the receiver requires a LOS to the audio system
or transmitter. The locations of the audio signal broadcasting system and the
receiver are relatively stationary. Since the relative speed between the receiver
and the source are much less than the speed of light, the Doppler frequency shift
observed by the receiver can be safely neglected. The transmitter can broadcast
with viewing angle close to 180 .
The frequency of an ON period followed by an
OFF period to transmit information is short enough to be humanly unperceivable;
so that it does not affect traffic control. This article aims to present an application
of high-brightness visible LEDs for establishing optical free-space links.
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